Features of C++ in programming

Features of C++ in programming Ans1. Unique features of C++ : Encapsulation: It is the process of combining data and functions into a single unit called class. Using the method of encapsulation, the programmer cannot directly access the data rather data is accessible through the functions present inside the class. It led to the important concept of data hiding. Abstraction: It is one of the most powerful and vital features provided by object-oriented C++ programming language. The main idea behind data abstraction is to give a clear separation between properties of datatype and the associated implementation details. Polymorphism: It is the ability to use an operator or function in different ways. Poly, referring to many uses of these operators and functions. A single function usage or an operator functioning in many ways can be called polymorphism. Inheritance: It is the process by which new classes called derived classes are created from existing classes called base classes. The derived classes have all the features of the base class and the programmer can choose to add new features specific to the newly created derived classes. C++ better than C: Stronger typing: the type system in C++ is stronger than in C. This prevents many common programming errors coupled with the next very important feature, the stronger type system even manages not be an inconvenience. A Bigger standard library: C++ allows the full use of the standard library. It includes the Standard Template Library. Parameterized types: the template keyword allows the programmer to write generic implementations of algorithms. Data and methods to edit the data act as one entity i.e. by the usage of classes. Limiting scope of data i.e. by using private/public variables. Constructors and destructors for defining default behaviour of entities. Ques2. Demonstrate the use of Inline Functions and Function Overloading. Ans2. An Inline function is a function that is expanded in line when it is invoked. This kind of function is used to save the memory space which becomes appreciable when a function is likely to be called a number of times. It is used to eliminate the cost of calls to small functions. Normally, a function call transfers the control from the calling program to the function and after the execution of the program returns the control back to the calling program after the function call but in inline function, when the program is compiled, the code present in the function body is replaced in place of the function call. Syntax: inline datatype function_name(arguments) { function body } Example: #include #include inline float mul(float x, float y) { return (x*y); } inline double div(double p, double q) { return (p/q); } int main() { clrscr(); float a= 12.345; float b= 9.82; cout

Cyber Law Essay

Need And Importance Of Cyber Law — Presentation Transcript 1. Why cyber law Information technology is encompassing all walks of life all over the world 2. â€Å" IT† has brought Transition from paper to paperless world 3. However!!!!There is a need to regulate the Cyber Space Cyber space creates moral, civil and criminal wrongs. It has now given a new way to express criminal tendencies Crime is no longer limited to space, time or a group of people. Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities with impunity and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to perpetuate criminal activities in cyberspace.. Hence the need of cyber laws 4. Secondly!!!! Nobody then could really visualize about the Internet Initial laws of 1990’s were developed and enacted way back keeping in mind the relevant political, social, economic, and cultural scenario of that relevant time As such, the coming of the Internet led to the emergence of numerous ticklish legal issues and problems which necessitated the enactment of Cyber laws. 5. Thirdly!!!!! The laws of real world cannot be interpreted in the light of emerging cyberspace to include all aspects relating to different activities in cyberspace Thus the need for enactment of relevant cyber laws 6. Forthly!!!! Internet requires an enabling and supportive legal infrastructure in tune with the times Only with the relevant cyber laws in place this legal supportive infrastructure can be provided E-commerce, the biggest future of Internet, can only be possible   if we have the required legal infrastructure in place to compliment its growth 7. Importance of Cyber Law!!! In today’s highly digitalized world, almost everyone is affected by cyber law. Almost all companies extensively depend upon their computer networks and keep their valuable data in electronic form. Government forms including income tax returns, company law forms etc are now filled in electronic form. Consumers are increasingly using credit cards for shopping. Most people are using email, cell phones and SMS messages for communication. Even in "non-cyber crime" cases, important evidence is found in computers / cell phones e.g. in cases of divorce, murder, kidnapping, tax evasion, organized crime, terrorist operations, counterfeit currency etc. Cyber crime cases such as online banking frauds, online share trading fraud, source code theft, credit card fraud, tax evasion, virus attacks, cyber sabotage, phishing attacks, email hijacking, denial of service, hacking, pornography etc are becoming common. Digital signatures and e-contracts are fast replacing conventional methods of transacting business. Since  it touches almost all aspects of transactions and activities concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace

My Observations of Classrooms - 2634 Words

Description of Class Setting I was given permission to conduct my child study project in PAP community Foundation (Bukit Batok East Education Centre) by Miss Denise Lim, principal of the centre. The teacher present at all my observation sessions was Miss Moriah. All the observation sessions were conducted in a classroom setting in the Hibiscus room. The first two observation sessions were at least an hour long with 15-20 minutes of frontal teaching and another 40 to 45 minutes of classwork in their group tables. The last session was carried out in the same setting but at a different timing with half an hour of snack time and half an hour of emotional awareness session. The frontal teaching part was carried out with the students seated in their groups on the floor facing the teacher and the whiteboard. Students were assigned to carry out their classwork at three different group coloured tables namely, red, yellow and blue. Description of class The class consists of 15 to 16 Kindergarten two students. All of them are 5 to 6 year olds. 5 of the students are Indians, 5 are Chinese, 3 are Malay students. and 2 are Filipinos nationals. Background of child The child was selected and issued the parent’s consent form the day before session 1. Before the class started, I spoke to the teacher, Miss Moriah privately and learnt more about the background of Jiang Rui Zhi, the child under study. He is a 6-year-old boy who has migrated from China to Singapore to study at the age ofShow MoreRelatedMy Observations On The Classroom848 Words   |  4 PagesDuring my observations hours for Exceptional Learners course I observed two 4th grade classes that had special education students placed in a general education class room setting. I also observed the Inclusion teacher pull out SPED students and teach in a resource room conduction content mastery. My observations were mainly based on the SPED student but I interacted with all the students in the classroom. During this time I observed great interaction with students from the SPED teacher MRS.R whileRead MoreMy Observation At A Elementary Classroom1802 Words   |  8 PagesDuring my observa tion time in a kindergarten classroom, I have noticed that the students have a wide variety of abilities, attention spans, interests, and love for learning. When it comes to the teacher’s instructional strategies, she intentionally takes into consideration all of the above characteristics to make sure each student gets what they need to be most successful. During lessons students are engaged because of the teacher’s ability to implement interests of the student’s into things andRead MoreMy First Observation On The Classroom Arrangement2246 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction My second observation was completed at Arts Based Elementary where I observed Alysha Christian and her third grade class. During my observation I saw a lot of techniques that I know are important to help kids with literacy like: a read aloud, a reading section filled with books, and a great teacher. Mrs. Christian. There topic that day was plants and Mrs. Christian did a read aloud, Mrs. Maple’s Seeds, that helped the students learn more about seeds then they watched a video that alsoRead MoreMy Observation Of A Elementary School Classroom1783 Words   |  8 PagesElementary school classrooms should be vibrant, inviting, and interactive. My first observation was in a second-grade classroom, followed by an observation in a third-grade classroom. I observed classrooms at East Haddam Elementary School from 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. on the 12th of October. I spent two hours in each classroom. There were seventeen students in the second-grade classroom, eight boys and nine girls, and one teacher, Mrs. Caron. In the third-grade classroom, there were eighteen studentsRead MoreKansas Education Statistics and my Student Observation of a First Grade Classroom2344 Words   |  10 PagesAYP report card states that in reading the students of Haysville are slightly above the state average overall. Even 78% of Haysville disabled children are meeting or exceeding our state guidelines. The Elementary School where I am doing my teaching observation, building report card closely resembles the district level statistics. Students are equally divided between genders and the racial divide is about the same as the district with 86% of the students being white. The school is split almost equallyRead MoreMy Observation This Semester Is A Self Contained Classroom For Students With Emotional And Behavioral Disorders910 Words   |  4 PagesMy observation this semester is in a self-contained classroom for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The class is taught by one special education teacher who is assisted by a teaching aide. The desks are spaced out from one another, allowing each student a lot of room to move around. I believe the desks are arranged this way so that the students have limited contact with one another. There are books and games on a shelf that the students are allowed to use during break time. ThereRead MoreQuestions On Behavior And Behavi or889 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand why misbehavior occurs in the classroom. Through relevant research and in class observations, this study will conclude how teachers can positively guide the class to avoid reoccurrence of misbehaviors. Understanding why the misbehavior is occurring will help avoid the situation for future occurrence. Research that is mentioned this study covers different aspects of misbehaviors including different theorists and beliefs to why misbehavior occurs in the classroom. The purpose of this study is alsoRead MoreLearning Styles And Techniques Of Teaching898 Words   |  4 PagesDuring my class in Curriculum, Methods, and Assessments: Science and Math, I have had the opportunity to observe two different mathematic teachers. Through those observations I have gained great knowledge and understanding. I was exposed to different teaching, learning styles and techniques. Being able to observe a few different classrooms has given me an opportunity to witne ss different aspects of teaching. Through all of my observations during college of teachers I am confident that teachingRead MoreCollege Students Do Not Enjoy Writing892 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy before pursuing it. I am familiar with this problem. I began my college journey as a pre-Business Administration student. I had no idea what types of writing were involved in my major. I thought that I’d only be writing for my English and General Education(GE) courses. I did and do enjoy writing, so I never thought of writing as a chore. As I complete my major’s pre-requisite courses, I thought of the role of writing in my field of study, which is Business Administration with a concentrationRead MoreGraduation Speech : Cultural Diversity1316 Words   |  6 Pagesout wanting to explore how books could be used to address diversity in the classroom in terms of the students’ cultural backgrounds. After spending time in my classroom, I came to the realization that invest igating this question would be a challenge, due to the fact that I was only able to observe a handful of situations where students interacted with books, much less books that included aspects of culture. In my classroom, books that incorporated the various traditions and cultures around the world

Assassination Attempt on Franklin D. Roosevelt

Statistically, being the president of the United States is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, since four have been assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy). In addition to the presidents that have actually been killed while in office, there have been a myriad of unsuccessful attempts to kill U.S. presidents. One of these happened on February 15, 1933, when  Giuseppe Zangara tried to kill President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt in Miami, Florida. The Assassination Attempt On February 15, 1933, just over two  weeks before Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States, FDR arrived at the Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida around 9 p.m. to give a speech from the back seat of his light-blue Buick. Around 9:35 p.m., FDR finished his speech and had begun talking to some supporters who had gathered around his car when when five shots rang out. Giuseppe Joe Zangara, an Italian immigrant and unemployed bricklayer, had emptied his .32 caliber pistol at FDR. Shooting from about 25 feet away, Zangara was close enough kill FDR. However, since Zangara was only 51, he couldnt see FDR without climbing up on a wobbly chair in order to see over the crowd. Also, a woman named Lillian Cross, who stood near Zangara in the crowd, claimed to have hit Zangaras hand during the shooting. Whether it was because of bad aim, the wobbly chair, or Mrs. Crosss intervention, all five bullets missed FDR. The bullets, however, did hit bystanders. Four received minor injuries, while Chicagos Mayor Anton Cermak was mortally hit in the stomach. FDR Appears Brave During the whole ordeal, FDR appeared calm, brave, and decisive. While FDRs driver wanted to immediately rush the president-elect to safety, FDR ordered the car to stop and pick up the wounded. On their way to the hospital, FDR cradled Cermaks head on his shoulder, offering calming and comforting words which doctors later reported kept Cermak from going into shock. FDR spent several hours at the hospital, visiting each of the wounded. He came back the following day to check on the patients again. At a time when the United States desperately needed a strong leader, the untested president-elect proved himself strong and reliable in the face of crisis. Newspapers reported on both FDRs actions and demeanor, putting faith in FDR before he even stepped into the presidential office. Why Did Zangara Do It? Joe Zangara was caught immediately and taken into custody. In an interview with officials after the shooting, Zangara stated that he wanted to kill FDR because he blamed FDR and all rich people and capitalists for his chronic stomach pain. At first, a judge sentenced Zangara to 80 years in prison after Zangara pleaded guilty, saying, I kill capitalists because they kill me, stomach like drunk man. No point living. Give me electric chair.* However,  when Cermak died of his wounds on March 6, 1933 (19 days after the shooting and two days after FDRs inauguration), Zangara was charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to death. On March 20, 1933, Zangara strode to  the electric chair  unaided and then plunked himself down. His last words were Pusha da button! *Joe Zangara as quoted in Florence King, A Date Which Should Live in Irony,  The American Spectator  February 1999: 71-72.

All About HIV and AIDS Essay - 2068 Words

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome); HIV is the etiological agent of AIDS leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of life threatening diseases (8). Transmission: AIDS is transmitted from the HIV virus through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk to others from infected host (1). The virus can be spread through sexual contact by oral, vaginal, or anal sex; receiving a blood transfusion, injection involving needles, artificial insemination and organ transplants from an infected donor. Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy (intrauterine) from shared blood circulation while in fetus, delivery, or after pregnancy when nursing infant from breast milk of infected mother (9). The exact mechanism of mother†¦show more content†¦Tests used include CD4 count test to determine amount of CD4 cells/mm3 in host, a viral load test to measure the amount of virus in patient’s blood, and drug resistance test to determine HIV strain (3). History: The firs t published article related to AIDS was in 1981 by Michael Gottlieb concerning a random increase in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (7). Soon after another article reporting sudden outbreaks of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) appeared (7). Noticed and named by the CDC, the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is used in 1982 to describe the new disease related to sudden outbreaks (7). The causation of AIDS in 1982 was not known until the discovery of HIV on April 23, 1984 by Pasteur and Dr. Robert Gallo (7). In 1985 scientist realized HIV/AIDS can be spread through blood and bodily fluids (8). In 1985 testing first became available focusing on protecting the blood supply involving blood transfusions (8). In 1987 the USPHS issued guidelines making HIV testing a priority regarding prevention of individuals that have high risk behaviors (8). In 1993 the CDC recommended voluntary HIV counseling and testing to outpatients in acute care hospital settings (8). In 2003 the CDC introdu ced the initiative advancing HIV prevention to have new strategies concerning the AIDS epidemic (8). In 2004 the CDC arranged a meeting with a mix of professional health officials to best expand HIV testing and education for everyone (8). Since the discovery noShow MoreRelatedThe Pandemic Known As Aids1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe pandemic known as AIDS was first found in a human blood sample around the year 1959 and was later introduced to the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s. â€Å"From 1979–1981 rare types of pneumonia, cancer, and other illnesses were being reported by doctors in Los Angeles and New York among a number of male patients who had sex with other men (â€Å"Where did HIV come from?†).† Due to these occurrences, doctors did their research and were able to trace the cause of this fatal disease calledRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Hiv / Aids1532 Words   |  7 Pagesinfected with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodef iciency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are living longer lives and changing the perception of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There has been extensive research conducted on high risk groups for HIV/AIDS but little has been done to research and address the social aspect of aging and HIV/AIDS. It is important to have a more conclusive understanding of HIV/AIDS in the aging population due to the climbing rate of new infection among older American adultsRead MoreHiv And The Immune System948 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is HIV HIV , stands for human immunodeficiency virus, it is a virus that attacks the immune system, the immune system protects the body against infection and illness .If the body does not have a strong immune system, It may not be able fight off disease. The virus and the infection it causes are termed HIV. White blood cells are the part of the immune system that is important as far as fighting off infection. When a person catches HIV it infects and destroys certain white blood cells calledRead MoreHiv Is A Human Immunodeficiency Virus1721 Words   |  7 Pagesribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over the c ountry. There are a few aspects one must understand about this movementRead MoreAIDS and HIV Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesHIV, or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus which damages and kills cells of the immune system. It attacks the T-cells, key cells of the immune system, and uses them to make copies of itself. After being infected with the virus it progressively interferes and eventually destroys the immune systems ability to fight the anti-genes. HIV may develop into the syndrome AIDS, the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV is an STD - a sexually transmitted disease - and therefore most commonly itRead MoreEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pagesadvancement in medical inventions, still the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most challenging virus that will drag the human lives to the deadly disease acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It spreads its wings all over. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be prevented. It has become the greatest life threatening disease and affects unbelievably high percent of human beings. Nowadays, besides other deadly diseases, HIV/AIDS becomes more complex and crucial health issue that challenges severalRead MoreSustainable Development1650 Words   |  7 Pagesdelighted to join you today in launching this book, an important tool in our ongoing efforts to demystify HIV/AIDS. The book being launched here signifies the author‟s desire to contribute meaningfully to education and information sharing materials, especially targeted toward the youth highlighting the dangers of irresponsible behaviour which may lead to contracting diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The production of the book, The Other Presence, and its translation into local languages, are thus aimedRead MoreMary Fisher Speech Summary846 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late 1990s, the HIV virus spread to different parts of the world affecting millions of people and causing the death of many people. The spread of the virus brought fear to many people, especially those in America. Negative attitudes toward those with HIV or AIDS grew which made those with the virus feel ashamed of being exposed to the virus. Mary Fisher argues that raising awareness of HIV/AIDS is necessary to not only prevent the spread of the virus but to also help support those, notRead MoreAids, Hiv, And Aids1726 Words   |  7 PagesAIDS and HIV in Africa Picture this: a young child who is very skinny, ribs and all other bones are showing through the skin, they are born with HIV. it then leads to AIDS, due to their parents. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If HIV is left untreated, it can lead to AIDS, which is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over theRead MoreAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa922 Words   |  4 PagesImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Africa is the most affected area that it has reverse expected population growth to a net decrease (Oxford Analytica Ltd). Africa is the number one countries with the highest rate of HIV and AIDS among the other fifteen countries (Patel). HIV and AIDS spread among adults, teens, and even to children who know nothing. Around 35 to 42 million people are living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS all over the world. However, about 25.5 million of the 35 to

Cost Club Human Resources Department Free Essays

Scenario Two: Cost Club Human Resources Department University of Phoenix Carlos Flores HRM/546 Human Resource Law Instructor: Christopher Fletcher February 26, 2010 Abstract The new assistant manager (AM) receives an e-mail from his the HR manager Pat Fletcher requesting downsizing the HR department from eight employees to five. He wants recommendations of the three selected employees to be terminated. An explanation of what principles of employment laws that might apply to the three employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Club Human Resources Department or any similar topic only for you Order Now What action should management take in preparation if any of the three employee file discrimination case and chances of the company win. Recommended Employees Indentified for termination I have identified the employee for termination based on their work experience and job function that could be assimilated by the rest of the five remaining employees in the Human resource (HR) department. The following are: †¢Diane/Ten years of service- records specialist handling the health care issues and compensation matters for the company. Greg/Five years of service- have learned to do complex work however, not trained in real HR work. He has helped in the tech hiring process for the company. †¢Horatio/Six months of service- has been place in the HR department and has learned the basic of health and insurance however, not a full experienced employee in this area. The three employees identified are 2 male and one female. The principle employment law that are relevant to all three employee s is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964- which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Possible Discrimination case against Cost Club The possible three types of discrimination cases filed from any of the identified employees would be: †¢Race Discrimination-Horatio is Hispanic and the newest member of the HR department. He would have to prove because he is Hispanic and limited English language that the company is terminating him because of this factor. Another fact would be that he was hired based on a settlement with the EEO case and not following up with our commitment. I see this second part would not have any grounds because the company gave him an opportunity and hired him. The company in good faith placed him avoid any conflict among other company employees to place him in an office environment instead learning HR practices. He submitted an application to work in one of the stores. I view both facts non relevant because we did hire him and have placed him in a position which he did not apply for and he accepted the position and training we have given him on site†¦ †¢Gender Discrimination-Diane is female and has been with the company for some time. Diane would have to prove that we are terminating her because she is female. This would be very hard to prove because we have not discriminated based on gender and there are two other employees male and one of them is minority in the process of being terminated. Another fact is that the HR department has two other female employees. Diane is also aware that she had a minor attendance performance where we worked with her and still kept her with the company. The company also has other females working in the stores and this indicates that we do not discriminate against gender. Religious Discrimination-Greg cannot work on weekends due to his religious beliefs. He may try to file discrimination because he cannot work on weekends due to his religious beliefs. This would be difficult to prove because the company has respected and have made provisions to accommodate for him to be off on all weekends compared to the rest of the HR department that has to work on weekends when needed. The company would win in such case because we have provided attention to his needs. Management actions and Incorporating legal references Top management and the HR department should work together and be ready for any discrimination claims that any of the three recommended employee might file claims due to their termination. The HR department should meet with each of them in private in our office to explain the reasons why the company has decided to terminate them. We should explain to each employee the laws that the company follows and that the terminations is based on our economy, cost factors and reduction in workforce. Since each employee can file a different discrimination case by providing the reasons and the company projections they should understand fully of the current company situation. We should explain to them that their position will be eliminated and taken over by the more experience remaining employees in the HR department. The company should give all three each employee’s advance notice of termination so they can make necessary arrangements in seeking employment elsewhere. The HR department should provide all information as to their rights, benefits with documentation to the labor department so they can take advantage of unemployment benefits. Since this termination is beyond our control we should ensure that the process is done in a timely and professional positive manner. The HR department should have in our meeting with the employees documentation signed by all in acknowledgement of the company decision and their acceptance. In the case that one of the employee’s do not agree further explanation and any references of any government agency if needed. Discrimination charge response process The process we should follow in even the one of the employees file a discrimination case would be the following: †¢Listen to the employee and assure them the company understands their thoughts. †¢Prepare all documentation on the employee as to name, date for hire, performance reports etc. being ready in advance of such claim. †¢Consult with our legal team in the event the employee wants to fight the claim in legal battle. †¢We should cooperate fully with any claims from the federal agency on any investigation, documentation if we get notification on any discrimination case files by the employee being terminated. The HR department will retain five of the eight employees due to their years of experience with the company and some of them have already assumed a management role to support the department. The remaining employees can assume the new duties in a very short time with no negative impact toward the company mission and goals. The following employees will be recommended to stay in the HR department: Abigail, Brad, Charles, Edith and Frank. Comparison Table Employee Name Employment YearsCompany Human Resource ExperienceRecommendation to remain in HRRecommendation for termination Abigail – 7 HR Experience / Management roleRemain Brad – 35 HR Experience / Management roleRemain Charles – 20HR Experience / Recruitment roleRemain Edith – 25HR Experience / Employee RetentionRemain Frank – 15HR Experience / Multiple HR rolesRemain Diane – 10HR Experience / Insurance Compensation roleTerminate Employment Greg – 5 LimitedTerminate Employment Horatio – 6 monthsLimitedTerminate Employment References Bennett-Alexander, D. D. Hartman, P. L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th Ed. ). New York: McGraw–Hill. Retrieved February 26, 2010 How to cite Cost Club Human Resources Department, Papers

Essay On Cameron Auto Parts Example For Students

Essay On Cameron Auto Parts The APT allowed for tariff-free trade between the Big Three American automakers and parts suppliers and factories in both countries. The one caveat in the APT to qualify for the zero-tariff trade was that companies must maintain assembly facilities on both sides Of the border. Cameron Auto Parts specifically manufactured original equipment parts (MEMO) such as small engine parts and accessories based upon design specs created by the Auto manufacturers and then sold these parts to the auto makers. Alex Cameron took the reins in 2001 and was immediately faced with a financial crisis. Sales in 2000 had dropped to $48 million and were only $18 million for the first six months of 2001 Cameron lost $2. 5 million in 2000 and the same amount in the first six months of 2001. This decline was primarily due to declining auto sales of American cars and trucks and the increased presence of Japanese automakers. Market forces were driving the American firms to tint ways to cut sots and modernize plants. Cameron used 510 million of its $12 million credit line to reinvest back into the firm by modernizing equipment and computer- assisted design and manufacturing systems. However, Cameron did not have its own design engineering team and relied on specs from the Big Three automakers for its products This left Alex Cameron with an uneasy feeling that expansion into product design was essential for the long-term survival of the firm. In mid-2001, Cameron took the steps necessary to design and develop its own parts line. Cameron hired four design engineers and, by 2003, came up with a flexible pulling idea that would entice international buyers and not just the Big Three automakers. Cameron was then faced with the dilemma of how to market and sell the product. Projected sales Of the new product in 2004 were between $35 and $40 million which was terrific but they werent sure they had the capacity to handle the production. They needed to decide if it was better to expand current facilities, buy, build a new facility, or license the fabrication of the product to outside companies. While on a vacation trip to Scotland, Alex went to check in on a local customer, McGrath Supplies, Ltd, who convinced him that the flexible pulling product was in high demand in the U. K. And that more production was necessary to keep up with the demand. Alex decided at that meeting that Cameron would exclusively license the production tooth flexible coupling to McGrath in order to gain a stronger foothold in the ILK, for relatively little up- front investment. I _ Should Cameron have licensed McGrath or continued to export? Cameron Auto Parts should license to McGrath in the ASK. It was one of Cameramans key goals to penetrate foreign markets and the licensing agreement with McGrath old be a swift way to begin executing this business sweater. McGrath was in a superior position to penetrate the LLC. K_ market due to a good cultural understanding and close proximity to potential clients. Once this business arrangement was proven successful, Cameron Auto Parts would be able to form similar agreements with other companies and expand to other foreign markets. McGrath is an excellent licensee, as they are a reputable company in the U. K. With excellent credit, cost saving manufacturing practices, good market contacts, and 130 years of service in the business. They are also assuming most f the financial risk by paying Cameron Auto Parts the startup costs as well as a percentage of sales. Embarking on a licensing strategy would also eliminate the prohibitive cost of developing and maintaining a sales force in a foreign country that likely wouldnt perform as well as a local company like McGrath since customers had cultural ties and existing relationships with them. Bronwyn Donaghy about the facts and consequences of teenage sex EssayThis would involve dedicating a certain amount of production floor space to a market that is culturally and geographically distant and unpredictable. There is risk involved as the production space ties up cash flow and is not certain to produce profit. Travel expense would be incurred as company representatives would have to travel often to the U. K. In order to resolve issues or sell products. The sales side expense would be higher as well. More sales people would have to be employed to that region. They would either have to travel often or be based there and paid in pounds, which are currently stronger than the dollar. Instead of receiving a check from one contact that represents all sales for the whole area, Cameron would have to maintain relationships with various customers, which requires personalized attention to ACH and exposes him to having to perform collections and write off bad debt Since unit production costs were estimated to decline as annual sales climbed from $20 million to million and Andy felt that the $20 million mark was easily obtainable in the coming year, the continued value of exporting to Europe would have grown along with the European market. Looking at the pricing index, we can see that importing to Europe results in a cost of 113 to the importer. Since Cameron Auto Parts sell the flexible couplings at the same price to domestic and foreign distributors, licensing is an effective strategy to entreat the European market While eliminating import and Other logistical costs. Cameron Auto Parts would benefit most from a licensing agreement with McGrath Supplies Ltd. Other options exist besides exporting or licensing such as a joint venture / wholly-owned subsidiary, selling through an agent, or selling through a distributor. Benefits to these strategies include reduced manufacturing cost, higher sales volume, and better market penetration and in some cases shared risk. The drawbacks to these methods include loss of price control, unpredictable sales volume, and loss of profits. Ill Case Update Cameron Auto Parts enjoyed rapid growth during the 2004-2005. In 2004, the company undertook a major plant expansion for SIS million, adding 200,000 square feet to the compacts production capacity. Royalties from McGrath during the first year of the licensing agreement were EYE,OHO; this grew to and OHIO,OHO the following year. High overall profitability left Cameron in a strong financial position in 2006. In 2006, Cameron was presented With an opportunity to purchase a 40 percent interest in Misheard Ice. , a family-owned distributor organization in France, Which would allow Cameron to break into the continental European countries. Cameron agreed to the deal for $4 million and a royalty of 4 percent on sales of all flexible couplings. The deal enraged McGrath, who had been selling flexible couplings in Europe and would now be competing with Misheard.